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E = mc2 Explained
Albert Einstein is perhaps the most famous scientist of this century. One of his most well-known accomplishments is the formula
Despite its familiarity, many people don't really understand what it means. We hope this explanation will help!
One of Einstein's great insights was to realize that matter and energy are really different forms of the same thing. Matter can be turned into energy, and energy into matter.
For example, consider a simple hydrogen atom, basically composed of a single proton. This subatomic particle has a mass of
0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 672 kg
This is a tiny mass indeed. But in everyday quantities of matter there are a lot of atoms! For instance, in one kilogram of pure water, the mass of hydrogen atoms amounts to just slightly more than 111 grams, or 0.111 kg.
Einstein's formula tells us the amount of energy this mass would be equivalent to, if it were all suddenly turned into energy. It says that to find the energy, you multiply the mass by the square of the speed of light, this number being 300,000,000 meters per second (a very large number):
= 0.111 x 300,000,000 x 300,000,000
= 10,000,000,000,000,000 Joules
This is an incredible amount of energy! A Joule is not a large unit of energy ... one Joule is about the energy released when you drop a textbook to the floor. But the amount of energy in 30 grams of hydrogen atoms is equivalent to burning hundreds of thousands of gallons of gasoline!
If you consider all the energy in the full kilogram of water, which also contains oxygen atoms, the total energy equivalent is close to 10 million gallons of gasoline!
Can all this energy really be released? Has it ever been?
The only way for ALL this energy to be released is for the kilogram of water to be totally annhilated. This process involves the complete destruction of matter, and occurs only when that matter meets an equal amount of antimatter ... a substance composed of mass with a negative charge. Antimatter does exist; it is observable as single subatomic particles in radioactive decay, and has been created in the laboratory. But it is rather short-lived (!), since it annihilates itself and an equal quantity of ordinary matter as soon as it encounters anything. For this reason, it has not yet been made in measurable quantities, so our kilogram of water can't be turned into energy by mixing it with 'antiwater'. At least, not yet.
Another phenomenon peculiar to small elementary particles like protons is that they combine. A single proton forms the nucleus of a hydrogen atom. Two protons are found in the nucleus of a helium atom. This is how the elements are formed ... all the way up to the heaviest naturally occuring substance, uranium, which has 92 protons in its nucleus.
It is possible to make two free protons (Hydrogen nuclei) come together to make the beginnings of a helium nucleus. This requires that the protons be hurled at each other at a very high speed. This process occurs in the sun, but can also be replicated on earth with lasers, magnets, or in the center of an atomic bomb. The process is called nuclear fusion.
What makes it interesting is that when the two protons are forced to combine, they don't need as much of their energy (or mass). Two protons stuck together have less mass than two single separate protons!
When the protons are forced together, this extra mass is released ... as energy! Typically this amounts to about 0.7% of the total mass, converted to an amount of energy predictable using the formula .
Elements heavier than iron are unstable. Some of them are very unstable! This means that their nuclei, composed of many positively charged protons, which want to repel from each other, are liable to fall apart at any moment! We call atoms like this radioactive.
Uranium, for example, is radioactive. Every second, many of the atoms in a chunk of uranium are falling apart. When this happens, the pieces, which are now new elements (with fewer protons) are LESS massive in total than the original uranium atoms. The extra mass disappears as energy ... again according to the formula ! This process is called nuclear fission.
Both these nuclear reactions release a small portion of the mass involved as energy. Large amounts of energy! You are probably more familiar with their uses. Nuclear fusion is what powers a modern nuclear warhead. Nuclear fission (less powerful) is what happens in an atomic bomb (like the ones used against Japan in WWII), or in a nuclear power plant.
Albert Einstein was able to see where an understanding of this formula would lead. Although peaceful by nature and politics, he helped write a letter to the President of the United States, urging him to fund research into the development of an atomic bomb ... before the Nazis or Japan developed their own first. The result was the Manhatten Project, which did in fact produce the first tangible evidence of ... the atomic bomb!
...
Boredom killed you.
My hill .
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I threw away mah coke mah hill
so alliance any1?
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Then I drink ur username.
Meh HILL!!!
wait... i leave
Your HILL!!!!
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I kill everyone and no one stoped me!
MY HILL!
I tell a assasin to go and kill chan324 and he dies.
My hill!!
I flew my rofl copter all the way for your hill, and I had a lot of weapons. I threw LOL-BOMBS and "Troll" flames all over the place. I then invited Chris to make an update there and he decided not to. Then I made your house be green. Then I put my escalator there and then I threw another bomb in your hill. Then I took the ban hammer and hammered you all the way down in Michigan, then somehow in 2012 the Mississippi river flooded there and you were unable to run away because you were screwed in the ground. There, you thought what is 1+1, and you decided to think it was 0 and find an excuse. Then all of the oxygen left in your body wasted because you dumped your pants and the water because brown and stank.
My hill.
i kill you with a lead pipe in the conservatory
my hill
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I go at brawler700 hill and invite him at Player Vs Noob(brawler700).Then i called Non-Beta WRATH!!!!!!!!!!!!
LIGHTINGSTORMS(Lol just like my name of EE)EARTHQUAKES AND TROLLED HIS BEST WORLDS THEN I TOLD CHRISS TO BAN HIM AND HE GOES TO HIS MOM'S HOUSE CRYING.AFTER HE CRIED and cried and cried and cried and cried and cried and cried and cried and cried and cried and cried and cried and cried and cried and cried And so on...
Then someday he saw that he was blind.Then he goes at the kitchen and accidentally eat a knife.NOOB FATALITY.Then you bury yourself alive and god sh1ts on it.That's how you die....Noob boy.I am sorry for your NOOB FATALITY.
MY HILL!!!!!!!!!
Throw a psi-bomb at him.
My hill.
I push you
|\/| /-\ |-| |-| | |_ |_
1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
!!!!!!!!!!!My Hill!!!!!!!!!!!
1!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1
Chuck Norris is my friend (game over)
My hill!
Your hill is destroyed by an unexpected TROLOLOL bomb. Then, however, you manage to survive from all the texts saying "Troll". But, I manage to find you and order you to be in a beach, where you get sunburned. Then you go to everybody edits and play for an hour or so. Which then makes you bored and you see a switch on the wall. As soon as you pull it, a boxing glove hits you. Then you cry, and beg for the pain to stop. Then you see bricks from everybody edits destroying your hill, which then gets sucked by the moat around your hill.
My hill.
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I drink you.
My hill.
My annoying new sig kills you.(I got it becuase madness's annoying sig.)
My Hill
I eat your face, and you fall to the ground, crawling down the hill trying to find your eyeballs.
MY HILLLL...
Eat my face?I'm No Face.
My hill.
Last edited by Palm (Feb 19 2011 1:11:50 pm)
I attach fingers to you and put you on a man with one hand that's runing into the posin swamp.
muah's hill
I use teleconisis to throw you in that swamp.
I then use a suit that makes me live forever and is the weight of infinity black holes, but no gravity inside the suit. If you even go near me your doomed to a life of ripped up atoms.
My Hill!
[EDIT] I forgot to write 'My Hill' lol.
Last edited by LuigiMadness71 (Feb 20 2011 2:48:27 pm)
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you are that guy on your sig and I'm the guy killing you with your banhammer.
my hill:cool::cool:
I use god mod to get the top
My hill
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