Do you think I could just leave this part blank and it'd be okay? We're just going to replace the whole thing with a header image anyway, right?
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Describe what an adaptation is:
- A slight change in an organism that may mean it is better suited for survival.
Describe how plants are adapted to dry environments:
- Has stems that can store water
- Vast root system that can collect water over a large area.
- (cactus) Spines instead of leaves to reduce water loss.
Describe Living indicators of pollution:
- In places where no lichens are growing, it is often a sign that the air is heavily polluted with sulfur dioxide.
- Many aquatic invertebrate animals cannot survive in polluted water, so their absence indicates if a body of water is polluted.
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Describe why a nervous system is needed:
- To control and coordinate body functions.
Describe what an effector is:
- An organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus.
Describe a nerve pathway:
- The pathway of nerves between the stimuli and the effector.
Stimulus - Receptor - Sensory neuron - Central nervous system - Motor neuron - Effector - Response
Explain the difference between a nerve pathway and reflex action:
- Nerve pathway involves a signal being sent to and from the brain.
- When a very quick response is needed, the brain is skipped. This a reflex action.
Describe what a synapse is:
- A microscopic gap where 2 neurons meet.
- Electrical energy is transferred into chemical energy (neurotransmitters) to pass the gap and then back to electrical.
Describe what a hormone is and where they are produced:
- A substance produced (secreted) within the glands of an organism to stimulate cells or tissues into action.
Describe the role of FSH, LH and Oestrogen in the menstrual cycle:
- (FSH) Secreted by the pituitary gland.
- (FSH) Causes egg to mature in ovary and stimulates oestrogen release.
- (Oestrogen) Secreted by the ovaries.
- (Oestrogen) Stops FSH release (so only 1 egg matures) and stimulates LH release.
- (LH) Secreted by the pituitary gland.
- (LH) Causes mature egg to be released from the ovary.
Describe how the contraceptive pill works:
- Contains oestrogen to inhibit (prevent) production of FSH to prevent eggs maturing.
Describe how hormones are used in a ‘fertility drugs’ in the process of IVF:
- Fertility drugs contain FSH and LH to stimulate eggs to mature in the ovary.
- (IVF) Egg is fertilised outside of the body and implanted in the uterus.
- (IVF) FSH is used to encourage production of several mature eggs at once which increases the number of eggs available for fertilisation.
Describe homeostasis and what it controls:
- Maintains a constant internal environment. (How the body keeps internal conditions the same).
- Keeps body temperature are 37*C and regulates the amount of water in our body.
Describe what plants are sensitive to (phototropism, gravitropism):
- Produce hormones to grow towards sources of water and light which is needed for survival.
- (Phototropism) Auxin speeds up plant growth in the shoot.
- (Phototropism) Auxin is destroyed by sunlight so shaded side grows faster (towards the light).
- (Gravitropism) Auxin inhibits (slows down) plant growth in roots.
- (Gravitropism) Auxin is affected by gravity so higher part grows quicker (towards the ground).
Describe the role of auxin:
- A plant hormone that is essential for plant body development.
- Used for phototropism and gravitropism (see above).
Describe how hormones are used in agriculture:
- Weed killer contains growth hormones that causes weeds to grow too quickly as they absorb larger quantities than other plants causing them to die.
- Rooting powder contains growth hormones that make stem cuttings quickly develop roots.
- Some hormones affect the rate at which fruit ripens. Useful for delaying ripening during transport and in shops.
- Hormones can be used to remove the dormancy of a seed so it can germinate at all times of the year.
- Other hormones can be used to make plants grow bushier, make them flower or control the growth of hedge plants.
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Describe how plants store energy:
- Glucose is stored as insoluble products (Eg. Starch, fats and oils).
Describe the process of decay:
- Living things decay as they are digested and broken down by microorganisms.
- Microorganisms release enzymes to break down compounds to be absorbed by their cells.
- Bacteria and fungi are the main groups of decomposer.
- Moisture, temperature and oxygen affect the rate of decay.
Describe how decay helps plants grow:
- It continuously recycles substances into the environment.
Describe how plants store carbon:
- Carbon dioxide is taken from the atmosphere and turned into sugars that becomes leaves, stems, roots, etc. through photosynthesis.
- Unused carbon is returned to the atmosphere through respiration.
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Explain why Darwin’s theory was only accepted gradually:
- It conflicted with religious creationist views.
- Darwin did not have enough evidence at the time to convince many scientists.
- The way inheritance and variation work was only discovered 50 years after the theory was published.
Describe what an evolutionary relationship is and what it tells us:
- Evolutionary relationships can be represented by an evolutionary tree.
- It allows us to know common ancestors between several species.
Describe how we can classify organisms:
- Kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes (bacteria) and protoctists.)
- Species.
- Binomial system (uses Latin words using the genus and the species).
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Describe what cholesterol is and explain why it is needed in the body:
- It is a substance found in the blood which is made in the liver.
- It is needed to maintain healthy cell membranes.
Describe the effects of too much cholesterol on the body:
- Too much cholesterol increases the risk of heart disease.
- Cholesterol can lead to fat building up on artery walls due to low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
- High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) help to stop fat building in the arteries.
Describe the process of growing microbes in a laboratory. and why this is useful:
- Petri dishes and other culture media must be sterilised.
- Loops used to transfer microorganisms must be sterilized (by passing the metal loop through a bunsen flame).
- Lid of petri dish must be sealed with sticky tape to stop the air contaminating the culture.
- Maximum temperature is 25*C to prevent pathogens. Higher temperatures are used in industry.
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Describe how drugs are tested and trailed:
- Drugs are tested in computer models and human cells grown in a laboratory. Most fail here due to cell damage.
- Next, they are tested on animals to test for any harmful side effects.
- Next, drugs are tested on healthy volunteers (clinical trials) in low doses to test if they are safe for human use.
- Finally, further clinical trials take place to find the optimum dose for the drug.
- Drug development is expensive and takes a long time.
Describe what is meant by a double-blind trial and a placebo:
- A placebo effect is when someone feels better simply because they expect to feel better. This must be avoided to make sure the drug works.
- Double blind trials aim to minimise the placebo by giving some people the full drug and others a drug that appears the same but does not contain the drug itself.
- Both doctors and patients are not told if they have received the real drug or the placebo until the trial is over.
Describe what Thalidomide is and the issues behind it:
- Was originally developed as a sleeping pill but was also found to ease morning sickness.
- The drug had not been tested on pregnant women and was found to cause birth defects in unborn babies.
- Thalidomide was then banned and new drug testing, which was more rigorous, was introduced.
- The drug is now used to treat leprosy and bone cancer but is heavily regulated to prevent problems.
Describe the role of statins:
- Reduces cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular disease by breaking down cholesterol.
Describe the effect of drugs on the heart and circulatory system:
- Can lead to a range of cardiovascular effects such as abnormal heart rate and heart attacks.
- Can also lead to collapsed veins and bacterial infections of the blood vessels and heart valves.
- Drugs can also affect the users state of consciousness.
State the links between cannabis and mental health issues:
- It can cause permanent damage to the mental health of it's users.
Describe the differences between legal vs illegal drugs:
- Legal drugs are drugs that are prescribed to a patient by their doctor or bought over the counter.
- Illegal drugs include prescription drugs that have been dangerously modified and substances that are banned by law.
Describe what a drug is:
- Drugs are substances that change chemical reactions in the body.
Describe the use of drugs in sport:
- Performance enhancing drugs are banned in sports to prevent athletes from gaining an advantage. This is known as doping.
- Stimulants boost heart rate and other body functions.
- Anabolic steroids stimulate growth of muscles.
- Some of these drugs are banned by law as some of them can damage the athlete's body.
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Describe how we clone plants by taking cuttings:
- A branch from the parent plant is cut off (with its leaves removed) and is planted in damp compost.
- Plant hormones encourage new roots to develop.
- After a few weeks, new roots develop creating a new plant.
- The new plant is usually kept in moist and warm conditions.
- This method is easy enough for most gardeners to do.
Describe how plants and animals tissues are cloned by tissue culture:
- (Plants) This process is more expensive and difficult than cuttings.
- (Plants) Small amounts of parent tissues or cells are taken.
- (Plants) This plant material is then transferred to plates containing sterile nutrient agar jelly.
- (Plants) Plant hormones are added to stimulate the cells to divide.
- (Plants) Cells grow rapidly into small masses of tissue.
- (Plants) More growth hormones are added to stimulate the growth of roots and stems.
- (Plants) The tiny plantlets are transferred into potting trays where they develop into new plants.
- (Animals) Small amounts of parent tissues or cells are taken.
- (Animals) This tissue is then transferred to sterile Petri dish.
- (Animals) hormones are added to stimulate the cells to divide.
- (Animals) Cells grow rapidly into an embryo.
- (Animals) More hormones are added to stimulate the growth of the embryo.
- (Animals) The embryo is then transferred into a host womb to grow normally.
Describe how animals are cloned by embryo transfer:
- An embryo is removed from a pregnant animal before the cells have become specialised.
- They are then grown in a laboratory and transplanted into host mothers.
- The offspring are genetically identical to each other and are related to the original pregnant mother.
- The offspring are not related to their host mothers as they contain different genetic information.
Describe how animals are cloned by adult cell cloning:
- The nucleus of a female animal is removed from an unfertilised eggs cell and discarded.
- The nucleus is then removed from an adult body cell of a different animal (of the same specie) and injected into the egg cell.
- An electric shock is applied to make the egg cell begin to divide and form an embryo
- The embryo is then inserted into the womb of an adult female.
- The embryo continues to grow and develop normally to become a genetic clone of the original animal that the adult body cell was taken from.
Explain what genetic engineering is and how it happens:
- the deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material.
- Unlike cloning, it produces a unique set of genes.
- The genes can also be swapped across species.
Describe the Issues with GM crops:
- Some people view it as unethical.
- GM crops may have an effect on wild flowers and insects as well as potentially being harmful to humans if consumed.
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[quote=HG]Did you enable "Lock Scroll" in your keyboard?[/quote]
no, I don't have this button on my laptop.
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a picture
Goodnight lovely people
Thank you eleizibeth ^
I stack my signatures rather than delete them so I don't lose them
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fuucking kvetchers
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02/04/2021: Sorry for being an unfunny piece of ****, no-good human trash. I hate my **** life.
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Post pictures of funny chats/anything else you've had with ur friend or player that doesn't deserve its own topic
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